欲望与理性：通往“认识你自己”之路的路标

※此书即将在亚马逊电商平台上架销售。

《欲望与理性》是一部写于1994年的思想性著作，作者李幸与竺毅哲以深刻的洞察力与系统的分析，探讨了人类行为背后的根本动因——欲望与理性之间的复杂关系。全书共分五章，从欲望的本质、意识的构成、理性的分类，到欲望与理性的关系及其历史演进，最终落实于人类理性所面临的现实问题，结构严谨，层层递进，展现出作者对人性的深刻思考与对社会现实深切的人文关怀。

本书最引人深思之处在于其对“欲望”的重新定义与系统分类。作者将欲望视为“意识形态化了的生物本能”，并将其归纳为十二种基本欲望与本能，如安全欲、占有欲、权力欲、表现欲等，每一种欲望都从生物性出发，却在人类社会中获得了复杂的社会与文化形式。这种分类不仅超越了弗洛伊德的泛性论与马斯洛的需求层次论，更将欲望从单纯的个体心理层面提升至社会历史发展的动因层面。作者指出，欲望既是推动社会发展的原始动力，也是社会矛盾与罪恶的根源。这种辩证的观点，既承认欲望的合理性，也揭示其潜在的破坏性。

在“理性”的讨论中，作者将其细分为工具理性、科学理性、价值理性与哲学理性四种形态，并指出唯有价值理性才能真正与欲望形成制约关系。这一区分极具启发性，它揭示了理性并非铁板一块，而是具有不同的功能与价值取向。工具理性追求成功，科学理性追求客观，价值理性追求规范，哲学理性追求终极真理。这种分类不仅帮助我们理解理性在不同领域中的作用，也为我们反思现代社会中工具理性泛滥、价值理性缺失的问题提供了理论依据。

在“欲望与理性的关系”部分，作者提出了一个核心观点：人类历史在某种程度上是“欲望统治世界”的历史，而人类未来的理想状态应是“理性统治世界”。这一观点既是对黑格尔“理性统治世界”命题的回应，也是对现实社会中欲望失控、道德失范现象的批判。作者并不否定欲望的正当性，而是强调理性对欲望的引导与节制的重要性。尤其在当代社会，物质主义、消费主义、极端个人主义盛行，欲望被无限放大，而理性的声音却往往被淹没。本书的写作背景虽在1990年代的中国，但其对欲望与理性关系的深刻剖析，对今天全球范围内的社会问题仍具有强烈的现实意义。

本书的最后一章“人类理性所面临的问题”将理论拉回现实，讨论了不同社会形态国家所面临的问题、社会结构形式的演变，以及人口问题。作者指出，人口问题不仅是资源与环境问题，更是人类理性是否能够自我节制的问题。在生育权被视为基本人权的今天，作者提出“强制节制生育”的观点虽显激进，但其背后的理性思考——即当个体欲望与整体利益冲突时，理性应优先于欲望——值得我们深思。

总体而言，《欲望与理性》是一部具有哲学深度与社会关怀的著作。它不仅在理论上构建了一个解释人性与社会发展的框架，也在实践上提出了人类如何通过理性自我救赎的路径。尽管书中某些观点（如对欲望的利己主义本质的认定）可能引发争议，但其系统的分析、清晰的逻辑与强烈的现实关怀，使其成为一部值得反复阅读与深入讨论的思想作品。在欲望膨胀、理性式微的今天，重读这样的著作，尤显其价值与紧迫性。

附本书目录：

序  …………………………………………………………………………………………………  1

一、欲望  ……………………………………………………………………………………………  6

1、欲望作为一种意识形态化了的生物本能  …………………………………………………  7

2、欲望的类别  …………………………………………………………………………………  10

3、不同欲望之间的关系  ………………………………………………………………………  21

4、欲望的一般性质  ……………………………………………………………………………  25

5、欲望在社会历史和现实生活中的意义、作用和地位  ……………………………………  32

二、意识  ……………………………………………………………………………………………  38

1、人的意识的一般性质  ………………………………………………………………………  40

2、情感  …………………………………………………………………………………………  45　

3、意志  …………………………………………………………………………………………  49

三、理性  ……………………………………………………………………………………………  52

1、理智、智慧或工具理性  ……………………………………………………………………  53

2、科学理性  ……………………………………………………………………………………  59  

3、价值理性  ……………………………………………………………………………………  60

4、哲学理性  ……………………………………………………………………………………  61

四、欲望与理性的关系 ……………………………………………………………………………  64

1、欲望与理性的一般关系  ……………………………………………………………………  65

2、欲望与理性的历史演进关系  ………………………………………………………………  73

五、人类理性所面临的问题 ………………………………………………………………………  81

1、不同社会发展形态的国家所面临的不同问题  ……………………………………………  82

2、社会结构形式的历史演变所产生的问题  …………………………………………………  93

3、人类理性所面临的最紧迫的问题—人口  …………………………………………… 96                   

附表1  社会形态的演进……………………………………………………………………………  104

附表2  精神形态的演进…………………………………………………………………………… 106

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Desire and Reason:  Signposts on the Path to "Know Thyself". 

Desire and Reason is an intellectual work written in 1994. With profound insight and systematic analysis, authors Li Xing and Zhu Yizhe explore the fundamental motivations behind human behavior—the complex relationship between desire and reason. The book is divided into five chapters, progressing from the nature of desire and the composition of consciousness to the classifications of reason, the relationship between desire and reason and its historical evolution, and finally addressing the practical problems faced by human reason. Its structure is rigorous and layered, demonstrating the authors' deep contemplation of human nature and their profound humanistic concern for social reality.

The most thought-provoking aspect of this book lies in its redefinition and systematic classification of "desire." The authors view desire as "biological instinct that has become ideological" and categorize it into twelve basic desires and instincts, such as the desire for security, possession, power, and self-expression. Each desire originates from biological roots but acquires complex social and cultural forms within human society. This classification not only transcends Freud's pansexualism and Maslow's hierarchy of needs but also elevates desire from the mere level of individual psychology to the level of a driving force in social and historical development. The authors point out that desire is both the primitive driving force behind social development and the root of social contradictions and evils. This dialectical perspective acknowledges the rationality of desire while also revealing its potential destructiveness.

In the discussion of "reason," the authors subdivide it into four forms: instrumental reason, scientific reason, value reason, and philosophical reason. They argue that only value reason can truly form a constraining relationship with desire. This distinction is highly enlightening, revealing that reason is not monolithic but possesses different functions and value orientations. Instrumental reason pursues success, scientific reason pursues objectivity, value reason pursues norms, and philosophical reason pursues ultimate truth. This classification not only helps us understand the role of reason in different fields but also provides a theoretical basis for reflecting on the problem of the proliferation of instrumental reason and the lack of value reason in modern society.

In the section on "the relationship between desire and reason," the authors propose a core viewpoint: human history is, to some extent, a history of "desire ruling the world," while the ideal state for humanity's future should be "reason ruling the world." This view is both a response to Hegel's proposition of "reason ruling the world" and a critique of the phenomena of uncontrolled desire and moral anomie in real society. The authors do not deny the legitimacy of desire but emphasize the importance of reason guiding and moderating desire. Especially in contemporary society, where materialism, consumerism, and extreme individualism prevail, desire is infinitely amplified, while the voice of reason is often drowned out. Although the writing background of this book is China in the 1990s, its profound analysis of the relationship between desire and reason remains highly relevant to social problems globally today.

The final chapter, "The Problems Facing Human Reason," brings theory back to reality, discussing the problems faced by countries with different social formations, the evolution of social structures, and population issues. The authors point out that the population problem is not merely an issue of resources and environment but also a question of whether human reason can exercise self-restraint. At a time when reproductive rights are considered a fundamental human right, the authors' view advocating "compulsory birth control" may seem radical. However, the rational thinking behind it—that reason should take precedence over desire when individual desires conflict with the overall interest—deserves our deep contemplation.

Overall, Desire and Reason is a work of philosophical depth and social concern. It not only theoretically constructs a framework for explaining human nature and social development but also practically suggests a path for humanity to achieve self-redemption through reason. Although some of its views (such as the assertion of the egoistic nature of desire) may be controversial, its systematic analysis, clear logic, and strong practical relevance make it an intellectual work worthy of repeated reading and in-depth discussion. In an era of inflated desires and waning reason, rereading such a work highlights its value and urgency all the more.

Appendix: Book Contents

Preface ……………………………………………………………… 1
I. Desire ………………………………………………………………6
1. Desire as an Ideologized Biological Instinct……………………7
2. Categories of Desire …………………………………………  10
3. Relationships Between Different Desires …………………… 21
4. The General Nature of Desire …………………………………25
5. The Significance, Role, and Status of Desire in Social

History and Real Life …………………………………………32

II. Consciousness

1. The General Nature of Human Consciousness …………… 40
2. Emotion ………………………………………………………  45
3. Will …………………………………………………………… 49
III. Reason …………………………………………………………52
1. Intellect, Wisdom, or Instrumental Reason …………………53
2. Scientific Reason ………………………………………………59
3. Value Reason ………………………………………………… 60
4. Philosophical Reason …………………………………………61
IV. The Relationship Between Desire and Reason ……………64
1. The General Relationship Between Desire and Reason … 65
2. The Historical Evolutionary Relationship Between

Desire and Reason ……………………………………… 73
V. Problems Facing Human Reason ………………………… 81
1. Different Problems Faced by Countries at Different

Stages of Social Development ………………………… 82
2. Problems Arising from the Historical Evolution

of Social Structures ………………………………………93
3. The Most Pressing Problem Facing Human Reason—

Population………………………………………………… 96
Appendix 1: The Evolution of Social Formations……………104
Appendix 2: The Evolution of Spiritual Formations…………106